In a recent column, I observed that by many measures, China is the world’s largest economy. This means a number of benefits will now flow — and indeed are already flowing — to China that used to go to the U.S. and Europe. Chief among these is agglomeration, of the tendency of businesses to seek out the biggest markets and the densest concentrations of economic activity. Being the center of the global economy really does have value.
But nothing is certain, especially in realms as complex as economics and politics. China’s vast size is indisputable, but it might easily make mistakes that would prevent the country from leveraging that size for maximum economic benefit. Chief among these self-inflicted wounds would be closing the country to foreign investment, extending state control of the economy and adopting an adversarial relationship with neighboring nations. Ominously, the country seems to doing all of these now, to one extent on another.
The magic of agglomeration works best when investment can flow across international borders. For many countries, there’s a temptation to wall themselves off from outside capital, and try to have domestic businesses do everything — after all, even if foreign companies produce the things they sell in the domestic market locally, much of the profits they make on those sales still exits the country afterward. So why shouldn’t China just block foreign companies from operating, and get homegrown businesses to do everything instead?
Because if China does that, then American, European, Japanese and other multinational companies will set up their supply chains elsewhere. Instead of capturing the valuable parts of the supply chain — something China doesn’t do now, but would almost certainly will in the future — the country would be forced to replicate the entire chain domestically. […] Unfortunately, there are some signs that China has been creating an increasingly hostile climate for overseas businesses in recent years. China mandates that foreign companies operating in certain strategic industries form joint ventures with local Chinese companies. The multinationals’ technology is then rapidly stolen or copied; economists Kun Jiang, Wolfgang Keller, Larry Qiu and William Ridley have found empirical evidence that this is the rule rather than the exception. It’s then easy for the Chinese government, or entrepreneurs connected to the government, to form a competing company using the appropriated technology, muscling the foreign firm out of the market. Add to this a thicket of rules, relationships and regulatory discrimination designed to favor domestic companies, and it’s little wonder that multinationals are growing glum about their prospects in China.
The drop in foreign direct investment this year might presage a new, troubling trend: The second big danger is that China will re-nationalize much of its economy. Privately owned companies in China are more innovative, have better financial performance and are generally more productive. But the government still controls the economy’s commanding heights — banks, telecoms, energy and auto manufacturing. Ownership of the country’s most advanced technology companies, including Huawei and ZTE, is murky, but many believe the state controls these as well.
In recent years, the state’s role has been increasing. And, more troubling, China’s total factor productivity growth has been slowing: A few economists even believe Chinese TFP growth is now falling. Rising productivity is the ultimate driver of rising living standards, so this is disconcerting news. Increasing state control may be part of the reason for the slowdown. […]
The final big mistake China could make would be to antagonize its neighbors. The country’s aggressive actions in the South China Sea, the East China Sea and the Indian border have not endeared it to its neighbors. Even if they don’t spill into war, tensions with neighbors could limit China’s trade relations with these countries, disrupting local supply chains, slowing the exchange of technology and investment, and delaying East Asia’s rise as the center of the global economy.
In recent decades, wise policies of reform and opening up have turned China into the world’s largest economy. If those wise policies were to continue, there would be nothing to stop China from taking its natural place as the center of the global economy. Noah Smith, Bloomberg
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