How it works: a look at the retests of Olympic drug samples

Urine samples from Chinese athletes are recorded upon arriving at the China Anti-Doping Agency in Beijing

Inside a non-descript concrete building in a Swiss parking lot lies evidence that could take down dozens of Olympic athletes.
The anti-doping laboratory in Lausanne holds the stored urine and blood samples from the 2008 and 2012 Olympics that are being retested with improved techniques to catch drug cheats who escaped detection at the time and to keep them out of this summer’s games in Rio de Janeiro.
So far, 31 unidentified athletes in six sports from 12 countries have been caught during retests of samples from the 2008 Beijing Games. Results on tests of 250 samples from the 2012 London Olympics will be known soon.
Some things to know about the retesting program:

THE LAUSANNE LAB
It’s officially called the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, or by its French acronym LAD. It’s one of 34 labs around the globe accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency and is affiliated with the University Hospital of Lausanne. The lab is located in a drab building near a small Coop supermarket, beside a main road and at the end of the M2 metro line. Visitors have to be buzzed in to take the elevator up the three-story building.
The lab director is Martial Saugy, a Swiss scientist with long hair and a soul patch above his chin that gives him the look of a jazz musician. Saugy and his lab have often been caught up in major doping cases. Lawyers for Lance Armstrong tried to undermine Saugy’s evidence about the cyclist’s suspect samples from the 2001 Tour de Suisse. Saugy also met with Armstrong’s entourage ahead of the 2002 Tour de France when he was a witness for anti-doping authorities in their case against the American rider.

THE RUSSIAN CONNECTION
Links between Russia and the Lausanne lab were questioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency inquiry team that detailed state-sponsored cheating in a report last November. Panel chairman Dick Pound said the lab did not have a convincing explanation for destroying 67 samples that were sent from Moscow in 2013.
An inquiry witness in Russia implicated Moscow lab director Grigory Rodchenkov in a plot to retain clean samples for 67 athletes ahead of the London Olympics. If any of the athletes later produced a positive sample, it would be replaced by their clean sample and the athlete would pay Rodchenkov.
In late 2012, WADA asked for all 67 samples to be retested in Lausanne. One tested positive for low levels of a banned substance, 54 were clean and 12 had too little volume for proper testing. The Lausanne lab destroyed the samples after a standard three-month storage period despite a request from WADA to keep them.
An investigation by the Lausanne hospital, opened within days of the Pound report, cleared the lab of wrongdoing. Rodchenkov is now at the center of a scandal over Russian doping at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. He says he helped Russian athletes dope before Sochi and switched their tainted samples for clean ones during the games. Sochi samples are also stored at the Lausanne lab and the International Olympic Committee says it plans to retest those as well.

SAMPLE PROCESS
By the end of any Olympics, IOC testers are in control of as many as 5,000 urine samples.
Samples are divided into “A’’ and “B’’ bottles, and the “B’’ samples are available in case they’re needed to corroborate a positive result in the “A’’ bottle.
The initial tests take place in the lab located in the Olympic city. Because of the huge number of samples and tests that need to be conducted in a short period of time, not every sample is tested for every drug. Experts take educated guesses on which set of athletes are more likely to use certain drugs and run the according tests.
After those tests, the leftover urine is placed into a cargo container that’s refrigerated, then loaded on an airplane that goes to Geneva. From there, the samples are transported to the lab in Lausanne and stored in a large vault, where they can be stored in a locked freezer at one of two temperatures — minus 20 or minus 80 Celsius, depending on the type of freezers the lab buys.
“Chain of custody” is a critical part of the anti-doping process, and every time the bottles change hands, or locations, forms must be filled out to acknowledge who has been in contact with the bottles. A missing link in that process can invalidate a positive test.
Under new rules, the IOC can hold the bottles for up to 10 years, and can thaw the urine for a retest any time during that window.
The limit was recently raised from eight years, which gives scientists more time to identify new drugs, then develop new tests to identify them. Also, scientists can develop more sensitive tests for metabolites — residue — of known drugs that are found in urine. And, if a test for a certain drug wasn’t completed at the Olympics, it can be done in a retest years later.
“The anti-doping guys have an arsenal that they don’t make public,” said Tom Brenna, a Cornell University professor and an expert on anti-doping laboratories.
An example Brenna gave was the discovery of a test for plastic residue from the bags some cyclists used for EPO-laden blood transfusions. Because EPO has been notoriously difficult to detect, the test for the “plasticizer” gave the drug-fighters a back-door method to prove someone was using the drug.

MEDAL REALLOCATION
The IOC is notifying the 12 national Olympic committees whose athletes have been caught in the Beijing retests. Names and details have been kept confidential for legal reasons. If athletes are found guilty of doping and stripped of medals, any reallocation won’t take place immediately. The IOC will retest the samples of those athletes who stand to move up in the medals to make sure they were clean.

BY THE NUMBERS
The 31 new cases from Beijing represent by far the highest number of positive tests from a single Olympics. Beijing had already produced 14 doping cases during the games, plus six cases involving doping of horses. Retests of Beijing samples in 2009 produced five more cases for the blood-boosting drug CERA. The new retests bring the overall total to 56. The previous high was held by the 2004 Athens Olympics, with 26 cases. Stephen Wilson, Graham Dunbar, AP