Nature | Volkswagen admits to cheating U.S. emissions tests for years

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Volkswagen AG admitted to systematically cheating on U.S. air pollution tests for years, leaving the automaker vulnerable to billions in fines and possible criminal prosecution.
The company sold diesel Volkswagen and Audi cars with software that turns on full pollution controls only when the car is undergoing official emissions testing.
During normal driving, the cars pollute 10 times to 40 times the legal limits, the Environmental Protection Agency said. EPA called the technology a “defeat device.”
Violations of the Clean Air Act could be referred to the Justice Department for criminal prosecution, EPA said. The potential financial liability is unclear. EPA could fine the company USD37,500 per vehicle, said Cynthia Giles, the agency’s assistant administrator for enforcement. With 482,000 autos part of the case, the total could be $18 billion. The VW investigation involves model years 2009-2015.
“Using a defeat device in cars to evade clean air standards is illegal and a threat to public health,” said Cynthia Giles, the agency’s assistant administrator for enforcement. “EPA is committed to making sure that all automakers play by the same rules.”
Last year Ford Motor Co. was forced to lower mileage estimates and compensate more than 200,000 its customers. The Dearborn, Michigan-based company sent out payments ranging from $200 to $1,050. In 2012, an investigation led to Hyundai Motor Co. and Kia Motors Corp. relabeling some of their top-selling U.S. models.
Volkswagen said in a statement it is cooperating with the investigation and unable to comment further. The EPA and the California Air Resources Board said their investigations are continuing.
The affected models include some of VW’s most popular U.S. cars: the Beetle, the Jetta, the Golf and the Passat. The Audi A3 is also part of the investigation. As recently as July, diesel models accounted for 26 percent of VW brand sales in the U.S., according to a company news release.
EPA said in a letter to VW Friday that the company knew or should have known about the vehicles’ software. In a letter to VW Friday, the EPA said the company admitted it had designed and installed software to evade pollution controls after regulators made clear they weren’t going to certify the automakers’ 2016 models.
Consumers haven’t yet been ordered to return to their dealers for a recall, and it’s safe to keep driving the cars, said Janet McCabe, acting assistant administrator of the agency’s Office of Air and Radiation.
It had been surprising that Volkswagen diesel models were able to get impressive horsepower output and fuel economy performance using less costly pollution control technology than employed in some other automaker’s engines, said Bill Visnic, an independent auto analyst in Weirton, West Virginia.
The software workaround might have been what enabled the performance without the expected pollution controls, he said. “You can’t have anything like this that’s intended to game the system,” Visnic said.
It would be very difficult for Volkswagen to add new pollution control equipment to the existing engines, so the only way to fix this may be to cut the horsepower and fuel economy performance of the models to lower the pollution output once the software is eliminated, said Visnic, who has been studying engine design for two decades.
The EPA has been concerned about how well its laboratory tests reflect conditions consumers experience in the real world, amid consumer complaints. The agency announced last July it would overhaul the tests, which involve allowing computers to drive cars on a dynamometer to ensure accurate, repeatable results. By Jeff Plungis, Bloomberg