1990 Magellan starts mapping Venus

The Magellan spacecraft has arrived at the planet Venus after an epic 15-month journey from Earth.

The craft arrived just after 1730 BST (1630 GMT). Soon after, controllers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California instructed it to fire its solid-rocket motor for 83 seconds to slow it down into a long, looping orbit around Venus.

They then faced an agonising 30-minute wait while the craft went out of communication behind the planet.

Only when it emerged from the shadow of Venus was it clear that the manoeuvre – one of the most critical of the mission – had been successful.

Uninhabitable

The craft will spend several years making a pass over the planet every eight Earth months – just one day on Venus.

The result will be a detailed map of the planet described by Nasa as a “hell-hole”. Scientists hope it will help answer the question of how our nearest neighbour, and the planet most like Earth, ended up uninhabitable.

Previous probes sent to Venus have revealed an environment as unlike that on Earth as it is possible to imagine.

The atmosphere on Venus is almost entirely made up of carbon dioxide. The yellowish clouds which shroud the planet’s surface are partly sulphuric acid, and temperatures at the surface are hot enough to melt lead.

“In some ways Venus is very Earthlike, in others it is totally bizarre,” said Jim Garvin, of Nasa. “We want to find out why.”

Courtesy BBC News

In context

Magellan spent four years mapping Venus, producing a detailed radar map of 99% of the planet. It found evidence of volcanic activity over about 85% of its surface.

One of the puzzles it raised for scientists was the fact that the highlands of the planet appeared abnormally bright, while lower elevations appeared dark.

Scientists now believe this is because the mountains on Venus are covered in condensed melted metal.

The metal, probably lead, is vaporised at lower levels by the incredibly high temperatures, then cools as it rises.

The metal then settles like frost on the planet’s peaks to form a thin, highly reflective layer.

Magellan operated for four years before plunging to the surface of Venus in October 1994.